Marking template for radiography

ABSTRACT

A template for radiography and methods of using and making a template are described. The template can include a contoured sheet having first portions and second portions. The first portions are radiodense and the second portions are radiolucent to provide markings on a radiograph. At least one surface of the contoured sheet can correspond to at least one surface of a target part to provide alignment of the contoured sheet to the target part.

FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to radiography of parts. Morespecifically, this disclosure relates to radiography of castings tolocate defects.

BACKGROUND

The statements in this section merely provide background informationrelated to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.

Defects in castings can form as a result of the casting process.Internal defects may not be found from merely inspecting the surface ofthe casting. Therefore, radiography is often used to inspect castings inorder to identify and locate internal defects that a casting may have.

Radiography includes exposing the casting to x-rays in order to producea radiograph. The radiograph can be reviewed to see if the casting hasany defects. However, accurately locating the defects in the castingthat are found on the radiograph can be difficult. For example, theradiograph may be a different size than the casting. Furthermore, theorientation of the casting when the radiograph was taken may bedifficult to determine.

In order to more accurately locate internal defects of a casting, leadindicators can be taped to the casting. However, numerous radiographsmay need to be taken when using lead indicators. A first radiograph istypically taken without any lead indicators taped to the casting. Leadindicators may then be taped to the casting around where the defects arebelieved to be located, and a second radiograph can be taken. Therefore,more than one radiograph is typically needed to accurately identifylocations of defects.

An additional radiograph can also be taken with lead indicators in thearea of the defect to perform a parallax shot with the intent ofdetermining the defects relative depth. Parallax principles and methodsare further described in Barry, R. and Ruescher, E., “StereoRadiography,” Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition, Vol. 4,Radiographic Testing, Columbus, Ohio, American Society forNondestructive Testing (2002), p 419-423.

After defect locations are identified, the defect locations of thecasting can be reworked or remedied. Although the methods describedabove can identify locations of defects, at least two radiographstypically need to be taken of the casting in order to obtain an accuratelocation of the defects which can add cost and complexity to theinspection process of the casting.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a template forradiography is provided. The template includes a contoured sheet havingfirst portions and second portions. The first portions are radiodenseand the second portions are radiolucent to provide markings on aradiograph. At least one surface of the contoured sheet corresponds toat least one surface of a target part to provide alignment of thecontoured sheet to the target part.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method ofinspecting a part is provided. The method includes aligning a contouredsheet having at least one surface that corresponds to at least onesurface of a first target part. The contoured sheet has first portionsand second portions. The first portions are radiodense and the secondportions are radiolucent. The method further includes exposing the firsttarget part with the contoured sheet to x-rays to produce a firstradiograph with markings that correspond to the first and secondportions.

According to a further aspect of the present disclosure, a method ofmanufacturing a template for radiography is provided. The methodincludes forming a contoured sheet with openings having at least onesurface that corresponds to at least one surface of a target part. Thecontoured sheet includes a material that is radiodense such that theradiodense material and openings are configured to provide markings on aradiograph.

Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the descriptionprovided herein. It should be understood that the description andspecific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and arenot intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and arenot intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.

FIG. 1 is an example of a template for radiography compatible withcertain aspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a radiograph of a template on a casting;

FIG. 3 is another example of a template for radiography compatible withcertain aspects of the present disclosure having features on thecontoured sheet that correspond to internal features of a target part;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an example method of using a templatecompatible with certain aspects of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of another example method of using a templatecompatible with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no wayintended to limit the present disclosure or its application or uses. Itshould be understood that throughout the description, correspondingreference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features.

The present disclosure generally relates to templates for radiography ofparts. The templates made and used according to the teachings containedherein are described through the present disclosure in conjunction withcastings in order to more fully illustrate the concept. The use of thetemplate in conjunction with other types of parts and components iscontemplated to be within the scope of the disclosure.

According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, a template forradiography is provided. FIG. 1 illustrates an example template 10 forinspecting a casting such as a strut. The template 10 includes acontoured sheet 11 having first portions 12 and second portions 13. Thefirst portions 12 are radiodense and the second portions 13 areradiolucent to provide markings on a radiograph.

At least one surface of the contoured sheet 11 corresponds to at leastone surface of a target part to provide alignment of the contoured sheet11 to the target part. Having a surface of the contoured sheet 11correspond to a surface of the target part can allow for positioning thecontoured sheet 11 onto the target part to be consistent each time. Forinstance, the contoured sheet 11 can effectively be self-aligning to thetarget part when positioned onto the target part. Furthermore, thepositioning of the contoured sheet 11 onto different target parts thatare similar or substantially identical can be consistent between thedifferent target parts.

The portions that are radiodense have a radiopacity (e.g., amount ofx-ray radiation that does not pass through the portions) greater thanthe radiopacity of the portions that are radiolucent. For example, theportions that are radiodense can be at least partially radiopaque tox-ray radiation, and the portions that are radiolucent can be completelyor almost completely transparent to x-ray radiation. For instance, theportions that are radiolucent (e.g., the second portions 13) can beopenings through the contoured sheet 11.

The first portions 12 and the second portions 13 of the contoured sheet11 can form a grid of alternating first and second portions 12, 13 alongthe contoured sheet 11. Furthermore, the grid can have rows 14 andcolumns 15 of alternating first and second portions 12, 13. The firstand second portions 12, 13 can be regularly spaced or irregularlyspaced. The first and second portions 12, 13 can have orthogonal shapessuch as rectangles or squares, or have other non-orthogonal shapes suchas corresponding internal feature of the target part (discussed below).The rows 14 and columns 15 can be labeled to be identifiable. Forexample, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the rows 14 are labeled withnumerical characters and the columns 15 are labeled with alphabeticalcharacters. However, other characters and labeling are alsocontemplated.

The contoured sheet 11 can be at least partially transparent to visiblelight. By having the contoured sheet 11 capable of having visible lighttransmit through the contoured sheet 11, the surface of the target partadjacent to the contoured sheet 11 can be viewed. For example, if thesecond portions 13 include openings, the openings can allow visiblelight to pass through the contoured sheet 11. In addition oralternatively, the first portions 12 can be made of a material that istransparent or at least partially transparent to visible light.

The template 10 can further include fasteners to removably couple thecontoured sheet 11 to the target part. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 1, the template 10 includes pins 17 that align the contoured sheet11 to the target part. FIG. 3 shows another example template 30 thatincludes locators 37 that wrap at least partially around the target partto further assist in aligning the contoured sheet 31 to the target part.

FIG. 3 illustrates another example of a template 30. The template 30 issimilar to the template 10 of FIG. 1 in that the template 30 includes acontoured sheet 31 that has first portions 32 and second portions 33. Atleast some of the second portions 33 can correspond to internal featuresof the target part. For example, the internal features can include atleast one internal feature selected from the group consisting of corepassages and core support holes. The second portion 33 b, in FIG. 3, isan example of a second portion that corresponds to a feature of thepart. Another second portion 33 c is an example of a second portion thatcorresponds to a core support hole of the part. The second portions 33that correspond to internal features can have dimensions that correspondto dimensions of the internal features. In particular, the secondportions 33 that correspond to internal features can neighbor theinternal features when the contoured sheet 31 is aligned to the targetpart.

As discussed above, at least one surface of the contoured sheet 11, 31corresponds to at least one surface of a target part to providealignment of the contoured sheet 11, 31 to the target part. Forinstance, the template may be form fitting to the target part. The atleast one surface of the contoured sheet 11, 31 can correspond to ormatch the topography of the at least one surface of the target part.Therefore, the at least one surface of the contoured sheet 11, 31 canhave sections that are flat and/or curved. In one example, the at leastone surface of the contoured sheet 11, 31 can be a B-surface. In anotherexample, the at least one surface of the contoured sheet 11, 31 is flat.

Furthermore, to assist in placement of the template 10, 30 onto thepart, the template 10, 30, in addition to having a surface thatcorresponds to the surface of the target part, can be of a general shapethat corresponds to the target part. For example, an outer perimeter ofthe template 10, 30 may have a shape that corresponds to an outersurface of the target part when the template 10, 30 positioned correctlyonto the target part.

The above described templates can be used in a number of methods toinspect target parts. FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of an example method 40compatible with certain aspects described herein. In operational block41, the method can include aligning a contoured sheet 11, 31 having atleast one surface that corresponds to at least one surface of a firsttarget part. The contoured sheet 11, 31 has first portions 12, 32 thatare radiodense and second portions 13, 33 that are radiolucent.

In operational block 42, the method 40 can further include exposing thefirst target part with the contoured sheet 11, 31 to x-rays to produce afirst radiograph with markings that correspond to the first 12, 32 andsecond 13, 33 portions. FIG. 2 is an example radiograph that was takenof a target part with a template 20 positioned on the target part. Thetemplate 20 is similar to that of the template 10 of FIG. 1. The firstportions 12 and the second portions 13 of the contoured sheet 11 resultin a grid of lighter portions 22 and darker portions 23, respectively,on the radiograph.

In operational block 43, the method 40 can further include determining alocation of an internal feature of the first target part based on thefirst radiograph. The internal feature of the first target part caninclude a defect such as porosity, inclusion, etc. For instance, themethod can further include repairing the defect. Repairing the defectcan include removing the defect from the first target part and welding aregion of the first target part where the defect was removed. Theinternal feature of the first target part can also be nondefects such ascore passages and core support holes. For example, a core support hole28 can be seen in the radiograph of FIG. 2 as round holes. However, theinternal feature can include other nondefects as discussed herein.

As shown in FIG. 2, the radiodense portions can allow a portion of thex-rays to pass through so that internal features can still be seen inthe radiograph even if they are behind the radiodense portions.Therefore, only a single radiograph may need to be taken of the targetpart to accurately locate internal features. However, if the radiodenseportions blocks enough x-rays so that internal features are blocked bythe radiodense portions, a second radiograph can be produced without thetemplate. For instance, a method of inspecting a part can includeexposing the first target part without the contoured sheet 11, 31 tox-rays to produce a second radiograph. The first radiograph can becompared to the second radiograph. For example, the first radiograph andthe second radiograph can be overlaid with one another so that the imageof the first target part of the first radiograph is aligned with theimage of the first target part of the second radiograph. The markingsthat correspond to the first and second portions of the first radiographcan be used to locate internal features of the first target part.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of another example method 50 compatible withcertain aspects described herein. In operational blocks 51 and 52, themethod can include aligning a contoured sheet having at least onesurface that corresponds to at least one surface of the first targetpart and exposing the first target part with the contoured sheet tox-rays to produce a first radiograph, respectively. Operational blocks51 and 52 can also include additional features such as those discussedabove with regarding to operational blocks 41 and 42 of FIG. 4.

In operational block 53, the method 50 can include exposing a secondtarget part to x-rays without the contoured sheet 11, 31 to produce asecond radiograph. For example, the second target part may be exposed tox-rays without a template or other means for producing markings on aradiograph. The second target part can be dimensionally similar orsubstantially identical to the first target part.

In operational block 54, the method can include comparing the firstradiograph to the second radiograph. The first and second radiographscan be compared because the first and second target parts aredimensionally similar.

In operational block 55, the method can include determining a locationof an internal feature of the second target part. The first radiographand the second radiograph can be overlaid with one another so that theimage of the first target part of the first radiograph is aligned withthe image of the second target part of the second radiograph. Themarkings that correspond to the first and second portions of the firstradiograph can be used to locate internal features of the second targetpart.

Parallax principles can be used together with the methods describedabove to more accurately determine a location of an internal feature.The exposing of the first target part with the contoured sheet to x-rayscan be performed at a first angle relative to the first target part. Themethod can further include exposing the first target part with orwithout the contoured sheet to x-rays at a second angle relative to thefirst target part that is different than the first angle. By producingradiographs from more than one position or line of sight relative to thetarget part and using the angle between the positions, the depth can becalculated of an internal feature in the target part. Determining thedepth of an internal feature can particularly beneficial when the targetpart has a relatively thick section.

The templates described herein can be formed from various materials andcan be manufactured by a variety of methods. The templates can be formedfrom materials such as polymers and metals. Furthermore, the templatescan be a composite with the first portions that are radiodense formed ofa first material and the second portions that are radiolucent formed ofa second material, and the radiopacity of the first material can begreater than the radiopacity of the second material. The thickness ofthe contoured sheet can be relatively less than the other overalldimensions of the template. The thickness can be selected such that thecontoured sheet has sufficient stiffness to maintain the contours basedon the selected material that the template is formed thereof. However,the contoured sheet may be able to be elastically deformed some in orderto attach the template to the target part.

As described above, the second portions that are radiolucent can beopenings or voids that extend through the template. In an example methodof manufacturing a template for radiography, the method can includeforming a contoured sheet 11, 31 with openings having at least onesurface that corresponds to at least one surface of a target part. Thecontoured sheet 11, 31 can comprise a material that is radiodense suchthat the radiodense material and openings are configured to providemarkings on a radiograph.

The forming the contoured sheet can be by an additive manufacturingprocess. For example, the additive manufacturing process can be bystereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling,or large area maskless photopolymerization.

The foregoing description of various forms of the invention has beenpresented for purposes of illustration and description. It is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise formsdisclosed. Numerous modifications or variations are possible in light ofthe above teachings. The forms discussed were chosen and described toprovide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and itspractical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the artto utilize the invention in various forms and with various modificationsas are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modificationsand variations are within the scope of the invention as determined bythe appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth towhich they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.

What is claimed is:
 1. A template for radiography comprising: acontoured sheet having first portions and second portions, the firstportions being radiodense and the second portions being radiolucent toprovide markings on a radiograph, wherein at least one surface of thecontoured sheet corresponds to at least one surface of a target part toprovide alignment of the contoured sheet to the target part.
 2. Thetemplate for radiography of claim 1, wherein the second portionscomprise openings through the contoured sheet.
 3. The template forradiography of claim 1, wherein the first portions and the secondportions of the contoured sheet form a grid of alternating first andsecond portions along the contoured sheet.
 4. The template forradiography of claim 3, wherein the grid comprises rows and columns ofalternating first and second portions.
 5. The template for radiographyof claim 4, wherein the rows and columns are labeled to be identifiable.6. The template for radiography of claim 1, wherein the contoured sheetis at least partially transparent to visible light.
 7. The template forradiography of claim 1, further comprising fasteners to removably couplethe contoured sheet to the target part.
 8. The template for radiographyof claim 1, further comprising locators that wrap at least partiallyaround the target part to align the contoured sheet to the target part.9. The template for radiography of claim 1, further comprising pins thatalign the contoured sheet to the target part.
 10. The template forradiography of claim 1, wherein at least some of the second portionscorrespond to internal features of the target part.
 11. The template forradiography of claim 10, wherein the internal features comprise at leastone internal feature selected from the group consisting of core passagesand core support holes.
 12. The template for radiography of claim 10,wherein the at least some of the second portions that correspond tointernal features have dimensions that correspond to dimensions of theinternal features.
 13. The template for radiography of claim 10, whereinthe at least some of the second portions that correspond to internalfeatures neighbor the internal features when the contoured sheet isaligned to the target part.
 14. The template for radiography of claim 1,wherein the at least one surface of the contoured sheet is flat.
 15. Thetemplate for radiography of claim 1, wherein the at least one surface ofthe contoured sheet is a B-surface.
 16. A method of inspecting a part,the method comprising: aligning a contoured sheet having at least onesurface that corresponds to at least one surface of a first target part,the contoured sheet having first portions and second portions, the firstportions being radiodense and the second portions being radiolucent;exposing the first target part with the contoured sheet to x-rays toproduce a first radiograph with markings that correspond to the firstand second portions.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprisingdetermining a location of an internal feature of the first target partbased on the first radiograph.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein theinternal feature of the first target part comprises a defect.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, further comprising repairing the defect.
 20. Themethod of claim 19, wherein the repairing the defect comprises removingthe defect from the first target part and welding a region of the firsttarget part where the defect was removed.
 21. The method of claim 16,further comprising comparing the first radiograph to a second radiographof a second target part that is dimensionally similar to that of thefirst target part.
 22. The method of claim 16, further comprisingexposing a second target part without the contoured sheet to x-rays toproduce a second radiograph, the second target part dimensionallysimilar to the first target part; and comparing the first radiograph tothe second radiograph.
 23. The method of claim 16, further comprisingexposing the first target part without the contoured sheet to x-rays toproduce a second radiograph.
 24. The method of claim 16, wherein theexposing the first target part with the contoured sheet to x-rays isperformed at a first angle relative to the first target part; andexposing the first target part with the contoured sheet to x-rays at asecond angle relative to the first target part that is different thanthe first angle.
 25. A method of manufacturing a template forradiography, the method comprising: forming a contoured sheet withopenings having at least one surface that corresponds to at least onesurface of a target part, the contoured sheet comprising a material thatis radiodense such that the radiodense material and openings areconfigured to provide markings on a radiograph.
 26. The method of claim25, wherein the forming the contoured sheet is by an additivemanufacturing process.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the additivemanufacturing process is selected from the group consisting ofstereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling,and large area maskless photopolymerization.